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When considering the causes behind problems related to fertility, you’ll often have to think of the quality of the male partner’s sperm cells, or the sperm cells offered by any potential donor. But what are sperm cells, exactly? What do sperm cells do in the fertilisation process? How do sperm and egg cells eventually become foetuses?

For many of us, starting a family is important. However, it's not always easy. In vitro fertilisation, better known as IVF, gives a lifeline of hope to couples who have so far been unable to have a child. For same-sex couples, it raises the question of which partner will be the baby's biological parent. Reciprocal IVF is one option that allows two female partners to share in the process of having a child, with one partner providing the genes and the other carrying the embryo. Fertility Specialist Dr Malini Uppal explains.

As specialists in fertility, we will often come across other problems that patients may be experiencing as part of their fertility issues. These are commonly urology problems, as many conditions which fall under this term are linked to cases of infertility.

When you’re trying to conceive and expand your family, you may often find that it’s taking longer than you imagined it would. In some cases, the length of time may leave you wondering if you are infertile, or if there is an underlying issue that hasn’t been addressed.